The Article On Corruption

Corruption is a complex social problem that affects all societies. India is no exception. It is no longer considered a soft state as political scientists once used to call it. It has now become a kleptocracy, a consideration state, where everything to be had can be had for a consideration. Here, it is said, obvious does not happen.

For example, if a person wants a government job, he/she has to pay lakhs of rupees to the higher officials irrespective of satisfying the eligibility criteria. In every government office one has either to give money to the employee concerned or arrange for some sources to get work done. There is adulteration and duplicate weighing of products in food and civil supplies department by unscrupulous workers who cheat the consumers by playing with the health and lives of innocent people. In the assessment of property tax one has to pay bribes even if the house is built as per rules and regulations. Political corruption is one worst part in India. A newly elected independent MLA is offered crores of rupees as well as ministership for supporting the ruling party. Today, corruption has taken the shape of such as common menace that people do not mind giving bribe even for getting a lawful work done.

Corruption among public (common people)

Corruption among public has always existed in one form or the other although its shape, dimensions, textures and shades have been changing from time to time and place to place. At one time, bribe was paid for getting wrong things done but now the bribe is paid for getting right things done at the right time.

The term “corruption” has wide connotations, the following patterns of behavior among public can be described as “corrupt” within the provisions of law.

•         i.            Acceptance of gratification as reward for work done in an official capacity.
•       ii.            Obtaining any object or pecuniary advantage illegally.
•     iii.            Fraudulent misappropriation of public property.
•     iv.            Being in possession of financial resources or property disproportionate to one’s known sources of income.
•       v.            Misuse or abuse of official position.
•     vi.         Borrowing money for purchasing a costly article from a person with whom one has official dealings with a known understanding that the borrowed money will not be returned.
•   vii.            Accepting gifts by persons of position from persons with whom they have positional relations.
• viii.            Disregard of neglect of rules purposely to help the citizen in avoiding dues/tax/duty due to be paid to government.
•     ix.            Refusal to do a duty on some plea which may benefit the other party (e.g., Police officer not registering a case to protect a criminal).

                  

Extensive corruption in government departments/ ministries has almost become a tradition. There are at least five ministries in the union government which are regarded as gold mines for making money. These are defense, railways, petroleum, power and communication. The annual budget of these ministries runs in billions. While commissions between 15 and 40 percent are not uncommon in defense purchases, the import of oil and natural gas also yields a big kickback. Recently, we have also seen the examples of communication (2G spectrum) and railways ministries where scandals involving lakhs of crores of rupees were broken out. In both the case, the concerned ministers were found to be involved. While the 2G scam amounts to about Rs 1,76,000 crore, in the railway scam the minister’s nephew was alleged of accepting Rs 90 lakh from a railway board member for promoting him as member. It is mention that the member has huge financial powers being responsible for around 35 percent of total spending, amounting to about Rs 2500 crore of railways total budget.

                                

Four other departments where corruption is rampant are public works, police, excise and revenue. The public works department gets a huge portion of budget and plan provision for civil engineering works like construction of buildings, maintenance of roads, digging drains, construction of dams, and so on. Corruption in this department prevails from top to bottom at all stages like selection, purchase of materials, execution of work, payment of bills and settlement of disputes. It is said that out of the total cost sanctioned for the project, about 70% is invested in the work, 20% on contractor’s profit and 10% goes into various officers pockets.

              

The police department is said to be the most corrupt department where bribes are taken by constables upward to high status officers. What surprising is that the police takes money from both accused and the complainants. The power enjoyed by the police are so wide that they can accuse, arrest and harass even an honest person. Cases of beating the poor people on small pretexts and taking away all the money in their pockets, accepting money from truck drivers, taking ‘hafta’ (weekly fixed amount) from shopkeepers are very common cases of corruption.  

                                     -Rajiv

Problems Of Common People Due To Banned Of Big-notes And Limit Of Withdraw

Dear Modi ji..! I am asking you simple question regarding banned of big notes and limit of withdraw. Your idea and thought may be good one. We are very proud of you, but the implementation is worst like anything. Daily I am watching your party leader speeches. They are simply talking without any knowledge about economy, inflation, balance of both in a country. Many of them are comparing the patience of situation with the people of Indian army. I am requesting, not to compare common people with Indian army/soldiers. Mindset, responsibilities, targets, way of living between both are totally different. And secondly, according to our basic concept of jurisprudence that the 100 culprits may let go free but no innocent should be punished. But the situations are too critical and crores of people suffering to fulfill their common and mandatory daily needs. Even though people supported and welcomed your idea. But while comes to political angle, the words crossing the limits and leaders are talking about the success of implementation. They are wrong, how can they decide it? As a common person, I know it well. Recently you told in media, common people are sleeping in peace and big-shots (corrupted people) have no sleep. Do you think, black money is not converting into white? If it is? You are absolutely wrong. It’s OK..! Let’s forget about conversion of black into white. I am asking you few questions and you no need to answer me. Just think yourself once.

• ·         A farmer with no bank account is having money in hand. What is his situation now? It is not a black money. It is unaccounted amount. All black money may be unaccounted, but all unaccounted money may not be a black money. Just exchanging old currency with new one for Rs 4000/- is not the solution.
• ·         The amount in the banks are deposited by many people. It may include government employees, private employees, business owners (may be small or big scale), last but not least farmers, daily labors. They have deposited amount in bank for safety purpose. Now where is the safety? Who are you to stop withdraws? It’s their money. You have no right to object withdraw. If you have any query just ask and if there is any objection just interrogate. Controlling and keeping withdraw limit is not the valid decision.
  
• ·       December is season for many marriage occasions and farmers. So maximum people are carrying cash for marriage purpose and for field purpose. Now what will you say about those people? That is not a black money. But the current situation treating unaccounted money as black money. You people are simply suggesting them to deposit amount in their bank accounts. Some people are suffering with no bank accounts. And some are suffering with withdrawals. If you keep limit to withdraw. Why should we deposit our amount in bank? How can they celebrate festivals and occasions like marriage and home functions? How the farmers pay amount to field works and who will pay amount to field machine works? Where is the freedom? Just think of all these people and take a corrective action.
  
• ·     And very important thing is cost of land. In the very recent period (2 years) many of the common people bought land with huge amount. Most of the people invested their money in land. Because land is the only best and safest source to invest. Most of the common people lays in this area. Now what is their future? They invested their life (amount gained in their life period) in land as property. Now who will control their pain?
  

                                      

                                       They are many other problems which I not mentioned. Ultimately, what I am saying is, majority of common people are suffering with your decision. The corrupted people may or may not suffering with this decision. But common people are suffering a lot.

And finally, the vision behind this action will not reach your expectations. One thing I can clearly tell you that, maximum of common people are opposing your decision. Your thought and vision is so great and powerful. But implementation process is not a user-friendly one. We are not expecting any user-friendly implementation. But we are expecting some reason behind our patience and problems facing by us. - Rajiv

                                                                                                                           

Effect Of Social Problems

“Social Problems” is considered as sub-discipline of Sociology. Sociology is a very vast field, encompassing such sub-disciplines as the sociology of family, sociology of crime and delinquency, sociology of education, sociology of environment, etc.

Drug abuse, alcoholism, ageing, population explosion, corruption, AIDS, inequality, child abuse, terrorism, pollution, poverty, environmental degradation, unemployment and crime against women are not individual problems but affect the society at large. An individual problem is one which affects one individual or one group. 

Its resolution lies within the immediate milieu of the individual/group. Against this, a societal issue is one which affects the society as a whole, or the larger part of society. 

The sociologist’s job is to understand the complexity of these problems and their relatedness to social structure, to study the operation of varied patterns of interrelationships in the society and how people are affected by them, and observe how social systems need to be reorganized and restructured in dealing with them. 

SPECIAL STATUS IS A RIGHT FOR THE PEOPLE OF ANDHRA PRADESH

AP was divided for naked politics. A huge decision like that was taken in a tearing hurry with absolutely no preparation and planning. The irony is, congress party at the center was sustained for decades by unrelenting support from AP people. In return, they were brutally betrayed by the congress party. 

For decades, Hyderabad was developed in the name of all people of AP while neglecting all other regions, cities and towns of AP. Hence most of the state's revenues were from that one city. As Hyderabad went to Telangana, AP became a poor state overnight. At some level, people of AP deserve this fate for supporting congress party for so long. At the same time, you can't help but feel pity for their plight.

Now enters BJP in 2014. BJP has no foothold in AP, so it has nothing to gain politically from helping people of AP. Ironically, BJP has a bit of base in Telangana, so they seem to be more inclined towards showering Telangana with more central funds while leaving people of AP high and dry. So, congress party stuck a knife in the back of AP and BJP is twisting it. 

In the end, people of AP are in a difficult position. Rendered poor overnight and abandoned by the Center. The dominant state political parties (Telugu Desam and YSRCP) are corrupt to the core. It pains me to say this, but AP today is at the same level of Chathisgarh, but without the latter's natural resources. AP will remain a laggard state for a long time to come.

 Benefits does a Special Category State get:

In 1969, the Fifth Finance Commission proposed Special Category States based on recommendations made by the National Development Council. The idea was to give preferential treatment to certain states that were deemed disadvantaged, by allocating more central funds and tax concessions. The criteria for granting special status were 1) a lot of hilly terrain 2) economic and social backwardness and lack of infrastructure 3) a large tribal population 4) international borders 5) non-viable nature of finances.

Andhra Pradesh should need special status and satisfies the above criteria.

Special category status states would get 30% of the normal central assistance; with the remaining 70% being split among other states based on their population, per capita income, and fiscal performance. Special Category states would also get concessions in income-tax rates, excise and Customs duties. Additional funds for centrally-sponsored schemes and special projects could also be granted, with the Centre bearing 90% of the cost. External aid was also devolved in the same ratio as received by the Centre. 

AP was cheated for no reasons:

Granting Special Category State status is not mentioned in the AP Reorganization Act, 2014, and therefore, it is not mandatory for the Centre to grant that status to AP. However, when the AP Reorganization Bill, 2014, was tabled in Parliament for discussion, Manmohan Singh gave an assurance to MPs and people of AP that the successor state of AP would be granted Special Category status. Venkaiah Naidu, The one who demanded special status for 10 years during bifurcation discussion in parliament, has changed his words and stated that Special status is not a solution, this turn of Venkaiah looks odd. He has been doing wrong on AP Special Status, I requested him to fight with the center. He should remember that he is Telugu person rather a union minister.

Things changed with the Congress losing power. The NDA government has cold-shouldered requests of Andhra MPs for Special Category status, and told CM Naidu that the provision to grant SCS status no longer exists.

After bifurcation, AP has lost quality educational centers but nobody has talked about this.

The special category status will surely attract industries and investors. So that opportunities will increase to some extent and thereby unemployment rate will automatically reduce.

So, I’m requesting and suggesting the people of A.P to fight for special status. If you want a bright future and growth, special status is must as per current situation. Forget about political parties, they shown what they are..! I know without politics nothing will come into exist. So support the party who is supporting and fighting for special status. -R@jiv

Spirulina Cultivation

In the context of rising input costs and low returns in agriculture, spirulina (Arthro spira platensis), also called as blue green algae seems to promise farmers good income than other regular crops with very little investment.

Protein food

Spirulina is a nutritious protein food supplement and is also used in the manufacture of several medicines, and cosmetics. Its cultivation on a commercial scale is slowly catching up with many farmers in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu. With an unseasonal monsoon and problems in marketing many farmers have taken up spirulina cultivation as they have an assured market and a regular income. 

Suitable area

"Spirulina grows well in regions having temperature between 25 and 35 degrees Celsius. Though it can be grown in cement or plastic tanks of any convenient size, it is preferable if the tank size is about 10 x 5 x 1.5 feet. About 1000 lts of water must be filled in the tank to a height of about one to two feet . About 1 kg of spirulina mother culture should be released into the tank along with 8 g of sodium bi carbonate, 5 g of sodium chloride,0.2 g of urea, 0.5 g of potassium sulphate, 0.16 g of magnesium sulphate, 0.052 ml of phosphoric acid and 0.05 ml of ferrous sulphate (all measurements for one litre of water). The water should be agitated every day for a week using a long stick for half an hour.

Harvest time

After 10 days spirulina is ready for harvest. The algae can be harvested using small plastic buckets and poured into a mounted filter, which drains the excess water. The drained spirulina is then wrapped in clean muslin cloth and pressed under a weight of 50 kg to further drain the moisture. It is then put in small machines (used in noodle manufacturing) and squeezed in the form of noodles on a dry, clean cloth under the sun.It is then allowed to dry for 23 hours after which it is ground in a machine (similar to a flour machine) and the powder is sent to the lab for testing. It is then packed in small airtight plastic covers, and is ready for consumption. About 2 gm of spirulina powder can be mixed in cold water, juice or ice cream and consumed. "At present I am calculating spirulina cultivation in about 15 tanks. In a day we can harvesting about 1 kg of spirulina from each tank. One kg of dry spirulina powder is being sold at Rs. 1,000 in the market.

Gross income

"In a month we are able to earn about Rs, 60,000 as gross income from this spirulina. Even after deducting the expense for maintenance and employment for six persons we are able to realize a net profit of Rs. 30,000/-.

BARRIERS TO ENTREPRENEURSHIP

It cannot be assumed that every enterprise will be successful. It needs the right environment. But often there are barriers outside the control of the farmer that limit success and make the environment hard for new businesses. This environment is affected by government policy and the level of investment in agriculture. The environment is different in every country; it varies greatly–even within countries. To create and maintain an environment that encourages profitable, market-oriented farm businesses, policy makers need to address the following barriers:

Poor or absent infrastructure: Often, what is blocking starting and growing profitable farm businesses is basic infrastructure. Simple things, such as poor roads leading to markets, inadequate storage and market facilities, and even irregular supplies of electricity create very real and practical barriers to developing farm businesses.

Unsupportive laws and regulations: Governments need to have a positive view of entrepreneurship in farming. Land tenure and ownership, banking laws, trading regulations, business law and tax law are some of the more common barriers that help or limit the development of successful farm businesses. The ability to buy, sell and hire land, the legal status of women, the complexity of business regulations and the extent of bureaucratic procedures, all affect the environment in which new farm businesses must operate. Countries need to look very carefully at laws and regulations to make sure that they make it easier for small-scale farmers to develop their farm businesses.

Lack of financial support: A major stumbling block for many farmers to expand production or diversify into new high value enterprises is lack of access to finance. Farmers who are starting new enterprises often face difficulty raising investment capital.

Social barriers: There are also social barriers to entrepreneurship that farmers face. The concept of entrepreneurship is not common to every culture or society. The fear of failure can be a barrier. Creativity and innovation are not always valued traits. Some countries have social systems that create dependence and hopelessness. Women in business are often not

supported or are even discouraged. In some cultures communal enterprises may be more acceptable than individual businesses. Extension workers will need to be aware of these social barriers and help farmers deal with them.

Lack of training facilities: To have a healthy farming sector, training facilities and support must be easily available to farmers. Effective institutions need to be developed to provide education and training at the right time, in the right place, and with the right balance of

technical knowledge and practical skills.

Lack of support services and trained extension staff: Farmers advancing through the five stages of development will need information, advice and support. Services are needed to advise, and support farmers in identifying, preparing, designing and implementing efficient farm businesses. Advice and support to farmers must cover areas beyond the traditional production-led services. The support needs of farmers are much wider– covering all aspects of running a profitable, market-oriented farm business.

In many countries, there is a general lack of farm management advisers to deal with the range of issues and questions faced by farmer-entrepreneurs. Further, support services are often inadequate and inefficient,particularly in remote rural areas. The public sector has an important role to play in servicing these areas and in ensuring that the full range of information, advice and support is available.

Marketing constraints: When running a farm business, production must always be linked to a

market. Access to markets is often constrained by a number of factors. These include poor communications, infrastructure and marketing facilities, lack of reliable and timely market information, limited purchasing power and even negative attitudes of buyers.

It is the responsibility of government to address these barriers and to provide an environment that supports farm businesses. However, with or without this assistance, farmers can take the lead by recognizing the qualities they possess, get training and think and act as entrepreneurs.

The "Way Of Life" of a Farmer-entrepreneur

The ‘way of life’ of a Farmer-entrepreneur

• Freedom in making decisions about the business and the relationship with family.

• Control over what has to be done, when and in what order.

• Working alone often in solitude.

• Coping with a wide range of managerial and ‘day to day’ tasks.

• Lives with uncertainty; if you can’t generate profit you may not survive in the future.

• Risking personal assets and security.

• High level of responsibility and risk of failure.

• Lives with an inability to control the actions of stakeholders upon whom the success of the   business depends.

• Develops trust and alliances with other stakeholders where mutual benefits exist.

• Works long and irregular hours to meet demands.

• Closely interwoven family and business life.

• Social status is linked to the success of the business.

• ‘Learns by doing’ under pressure from stakeholders, by solving problems, experimenting,      seizing opportunities, and learning from competitors.

Entrepreneurship In Farming

There are two parts to entrepreneurship. The first is the managerial skills needed to start and run a profitable farm business. The second is ‘entrepreneurial spirit’. Both are important. Managerial skills can be taught, but an entrepreneurial spirit cannot be taught.

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is a key factor for the survival of small scale farming in an ever-changing and increasingly complex global economy.

Farmers as entrepreneurs

Farmer-entrepreneurs see their farms as a business. They see their farms as a means of earning profits. They are passionate about their farm business and are willing to take calculated risks to make their farms profitable and their businesses grow.

The entrepreneurial environment

Farmer-entrepreneurs operate in a complex and dynamic environment. They are part of a larger collection of people including other farmers, suppliers, traders, transporters, processors and many others. Each of these has a role to play in producing products and moving them through to the market – through the value chain. Each one needs to be an entrepreneur. They also need to respect each other and work together to make the whole system work better and be more profitable.

Entrepreneurship dynamics

But beyond this, successful farmer-entrepreneurs are technically competent, innovative and plan ahead so they can steer their farm businesses through the stages of enterprise development – from establishment and survival to rapid growth and maturity. However, there are many challenges that these farmers face: social barriers, economic barriers, regulations, access to finance and information, and their own managerial capacity to cope with risks and changes and to seize opportunities.

REPORT ON MICRO SCALE CLC BLOCKS INDUSTRY

REPORT ON MICRO SCALE CLC BLOCKS INDUSTRY

Contact: rajivbabuchintala@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION

This world is changing day by day. Technologies are also changed with time.Technological advancement leads business process in all new different dimensions.

Country like India is growing rapidly. Infrastructure Development is in big bane. Development forms and methods are also changed due to change in technology.

In case of a conventional construction of a building or any structure, the main source of raw material is Sand bricks or Stones or wooden sheets as a wall. The new concept for making wall has been developed that is Cellular Lightweight Concrete (CLC) Bricks. It is a light weight, water resistant, fire- proof, sound proof and environment friendly. The main feature of this bricks is light in weight. Cellular Lightweight Concrete bricks are made of fly ash, cement, and foaming agent. These can be extensively used in all building constructional activities similar to that of common burnt clay bricks. The CLC bricks are comparatively lighter in weight and stronger than common clay bricks. Since fly ash is being accumulated as waste material in large quantity near thermal power plants and creating serious environmental pollution problems, its utilization as main raw material in the manufacture of bricks will not only create ample opportunities for its proper and useful disposal but also help in environmental pollution control to a greater extent in the surrounding areas of power plants. In view of superior quality and eco-friendly nature, and government support the demand for CLC Bricks has picked up.

ABOUT PROJECT

Cellular Lightweight Concrete Bricks (CLC) is produced by adding millions of Micro-Sized air bubbles into a cement based mixture. The addition of millions of air bubbles is achieved by using a Proprietary Foam Generator to produce highly stable and injecting the Foam directly into a concrete mixer containing a sand/ cement/ fly ash/ water slurry.The amount of cement, sand (if included), water. Fly-Ash and foam included in the Light weight Cellular concrete mix design depends on the required properties (i.e. strength, thermal conductivity or durability).Also, depending on the required CLC density and variance, an appropriate mixer is selected. The hardened material consists of small-enclosed air bubbles thereby resulting in a light weight stable cellular material with densities ranging from as low 300kg/m3 to 1800Kg/m3. Good Curing gives strength and dimensional stability to Bricks. Bricks are cured either by air curing or high-pressure steam curing procedure. Because of great-Engineered properties, CLC Bricks have become popular in wide range of applications in construction sector.

Advantages of CLC Bricks

- Low thermal conductivity.

- Thermal Performances 5 times better than clay bricks & 10 times better than RCC

- Interiors remain cool in summer and warm in cold wintry days.

- Savings in recurring energy costs in air-conditioning.

- Ideal material for applications in cold storage rooms.

Good Sound Insulation

- Up to 37-42db sound reduction based on thickness.

- It is possible to achieve even higher values depending upon the thickness and the plaster.

- Savings in recurring energy costs in air-conditioning.

- Can fulfill required STC (Sound Transmission Class) rating.

Reduction of Dead Load

- 1/3rd the density of clay bricks.

- Economic design: savings in cement and steel.

- Enables faster construction.

- Suitable for low-soil bearing capacity & seismic zones.

- Facilitates construction of unplanned walls any where anytime.

Fire Protection

CLC Bricks offer great fire protection. With a just 100mm. thickness of wall 1000 kg/m3,

CLC block offers fire endurance for heat transmission for 4 hours without releasing any

toxic fumes during.

Enhances Carpet Area

An engineered block, it can be offered in any thickness as per the construction design. By using 150 mm thick Bricks in place of 9 inch brick, the customer gets an additional 2% to 3% carpet area. The savings on account of additional carpet area gained is more than the cost of Bricks

Other Advantages of CLC Bricks:

- CLC offers economical POP or putty finish in internal partition walls.

- Accurate size and shapes help in reducing plastering costs.

- Better finishing of walls offers good amount of reduction in paints.

- Eco-friendly.

- Speedier Constructions.

- Ease of Work ability.

- Universal Acceptability.

- Low Water Absorption.

Size, Weight and No of bricks per cubic meter:

Size (in Inches)	Size (in mm)	No. of Bricks in cubic meter	Weight in kgs
24 X 8 X 4	600 X 200 X 100	82	10 - 10.5
24 X 8 X 6	600 X 200 X 150	55	15 – 15.5
24 X 8 X 8	600 X 200 X 200	41	20 – 20.5
24 X 8 X 9	600 X 200 X 225	37	25.5 - 26

Production Capacity Per Year:

Project having production capacity of 15 cubic mtr per day.

So, it is assume that plant will run 300 days in year.

Total Capacity:

15 cubic mtr x 300 days = 4500 cubic mtr

Market price per cubic mtr will run Rs.3500 to Rs.3800.

FINANCIAL ASPECTS

A. Fixed Capital

Land and Building: 1500 to 2000 Sq.mt approximately

Plant & Machinery: 1400000 amount approximately

Item

Integrated CLC Unit

which Includes Mixer (1.2m3),

Foam Generator,

Compressor

Control Panel

Conveyor belt

Moulds

Raw-material and Transport trolley

B. Working Capital Requirement for 1 month

Average daily production capacity of 15 cubic mtrs

Cost of Production for per cubic mtr. (Approx)

Particulars	Kgs	Rate	Total(Rs)
Cement	200	6	1200
Water	200	0.05	10
Fly-ash	450	0.05	225
Foam Generator	1.50	140	210
Power fuel			10
Labor			200
Mis. Expenses			50
Total			1905

Calculation of working capital requirement per day:

15m3 x 1905 per m3 = 28,575/-

Calculation of working capital requirement per month:

28,575 x 26 days = 7,42,950/-

Selling Price (Approx)

3500 m3 - 1905 = 1595 / m3 profit

1595 X 15m3 =23,925 day profit

23,925 X 26 = 6,22,050 profit of 26 day working

Per year profit is 6,22,050 X 12 = 74,64,600.